Analysis of driver roles: modelling the changing role of the driver in automated driving systems using EAST

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of the driver within automated driving systems using the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method. We already know that as the level of automation increases within the driving task, the role of the driver shifts from that of an active operator (i.e. a driver driving) to more of a passive monitor (i.e. a driver monitoring). Task, social and information networks were constructed using the Hierarchical Task Analysis of Driving and evidence from driver verbalisations collected during a previous study to further explore the changing role of the driver using network analysis. A ‘broken links’ approach was conducted to show that momentary engagement in non-driving-related secondary tasks within an automated driving system can dramatically change the structure of driving system.     

Dhh1 is a member of the SESA network

The correct separation of chromosomes during mitosis is necessary to prevent genetic instability and aneuploidy, which are responsible for cancer and other diseases, and it depends on proper centrosome duplication. In a recent study, we found that Smy2 can suppress the essential role of Mps2 in the insertion of yeast centrosome into the nuclear membrane by interacting with Eap1, Scp160, and Asc1 and designated this network as SESA (S my2, E ap1, S cp160, A sc1). Detailed analysis showed that the SESA network is part of a mechanism which regulates translation of POM34 mRNA. Thus, SESA is a system that suppresses spindle pole body duplication defects by repressing the translation of POM34 mRNA. In this study, we performed a genome-wide screening in order to identify new members of the SESA network and confirmed Dhh1 as a putative member. Dhh1 is a cytoplasmic DEAD-box helicase known to regulate translation. Therefore, we hypothesized that Dhh1 is responsible for the highly selective inhibition of POM34 mRNA by SESA.     

Methods for constructing analytic phase function for small spherical particle polydispersions

Two ways of constructing analytic phase function for a polydispersion of small spherical non-absorbing particles have been investigated. First one is a straightforward procedure emanating from the implementation of single particle scattering input into the defined polydisperse phase function. This results in an analytic phase function in terms of moments of the distribution. The second approach is a new strategy, based on the Lagrange mean value theorem. A clear understanding of the relationship between these two approaches has been developed. The efficacy and accuracy of the scattering phase functions is illustrated by applying it to a power-law size distributed sphere ensemble.     

Relatedness between numerically small Dutch Red dairy cattle populations and possibilities for multibreed genomic prediction

Red dairy breeds are a valuable cultural and historical asset, and often a source of unique genetic diversity. However, they have difficulties competing with other, more productive, dairy breeds. Improving competitiveness of Red dairy breeds, by accelerating their genetic improvement using genomic selection, may be a promising strategy to secure their long-term future. For many Red dairy breeds, establishing a sufficiently large breed-specific reference population for genomic prediction is often not possible, but may be overcome by adding individuals from another breed. Relatedness between breeds strongly decides the benefit of adding another breed to the reference population. To prioritize among available breeds, the effective number of chromosome segments (M_e) can be used as an indicator of relatedness between individuals from different breeds. The M_e is also an important parameter in determining the accuracy of genomic prediction. The M_e can be estimated both within a population and between 2 populations or breeds, as the reciprocal of the variance of genomic relationships. We investigated relatedness between 6 Dutch Red cattle breeds, Groningen White Headed (GWH), Dutch Friesian (DF), Meuse-Rhine-Yssel (MRY), Dutch Belted (DB), Deep Red (DR), and Improved Red (IR), focusing primarily on the M_e, to predict which of those breeds may benefit from including reference animals of the other breeds. All of these breeds, except MRY, are under high risk of extinction. Our results indicated high variability of M_e, especially between M_e ranging from ～3,500 to ～17,400, indicating different levels of relatedness between the breeds. Two clusters are especially important, one formed by MRY, DR, and IR, and the other comprising DF and DB. Although relatedness between breeds within each of these 2 clusters is high, across-breed genomic prediction is still limited by the current number of genotyped individuals, which for many breeds is low. However, adding MRY individuals would increase the reference population of DR substantially. We estimated that between 11 and 133 individuals from other breeds are needed to achieve accuracy of genomic prediction equivalent to using one additional individual from the same breed. Given the variation in size of the breeds in this study, the benefit of a multibreed reference population is expected to be lower for larger breeds than for the smaller ones.     

Genomic evaluation of dairy heifer livability

Differences in breeds and sire lines suggest the presence of a genetic component for heifer livability (HLIV). Genomic evaluation for this trait can increase profitability and improve animal health and welfare. Evaluations for HLIV were examined from 3,362,499 calf data records from heifers of all breeds born from 2009 to 2016. Data were obtained from the national cooperator database maintained by the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding (https://www.uscdcb.com/). The total number of deaths reported was 134,753 (4.01%), which included herds with death loss between 1.5 and 25.5%. Age at death was evaluated and ranged from >2 d of age until the heifer left the herd, with a maximum of 18 mo of age. Records were not included until 3 yr after the birthdate so that live status of contemporaries could be confirmed by a calving date for those animals. Deaths observed until 2 d after birth were considered to be a stillbirth rather than a failure of HLIV. The scale used for analysis of HLIV was 0 (died) or 100 (live), and the heritability estimate was 0.7% based on sire model with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. Genomic predicted transmitting abilities for Holstein ranged from ?1.6% to +1.6% with a standard deviation of 0.5%, and genomic predicted transmitting abilities for Jersey ranged from ?0.5% to +0.5% with a standard deviation of 0.2%. The mean overall death loss was about 4%. Reliabilities of genomic predictions for young animals averaged 46% for Holsteins and 30% for Jerseys, and corresponding traditional parent average reliabilities averaged 16% and 12%, respectively. Correlations of HLIV were 0.44 with productive life, 0.18 to 0.22 with yield traits, and 0.29 with early first calving on proven Holstein bulls. The HLIV trait had a favorable genetic trend in recent years, likely because of the indirect selection associated with the correlated traits. The trait HLIV should receive 1% of emphasis on the Lifetime Net Merit index, resulting in economic progress worth $50,000/yr. By encouraging more comprehensive recording on calf mortality, the reliabilities of genetic predictions could increase significantly.     

Pseudouridine synthase 7 impacts Candida albicans rRNA processing and morphological plasticity

RNA can be modified in over 100 distinct ways, and these modifications are critical for function. Pseudouridine synthases catalyse pseudouridylation, one of the most prevalent RNA modifications. Pseudouridine synthase 7 modifies a variety of substrates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae including tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, and mRNA, but the substrates for other budding yeast Pus7 homologues are not known. We used CRISPR-mediated genome editing to disrupt Candida albicans PUS7 and find absence leads to defects in rRNA processing and a decrease in cell surface hydrophobicity. Furthermore, C. albicans Pus7 absence causes temperature sensitivity, defects in filamentation, altered sensitivity to antifungal drugs, and decreased virulence in a wax moth model. In addition, we find C. albicans Pus7 modifies tRNA residues, but does not modify a number of other S. cerevisiae Pus7 substrates. Our data suggests C. albicans Pus7 is important for fungal vigour and may play distinct biological roles than those ascribed to S. cerevisiae Pus7.     

New environmental-friendly yellow pigments Y_(4-x)A_xMoO_(9+δ)(A =Ta,Tb)

A series of inorganic yellow pigments with general formula Y_(4-x)A_xMoO_(9+δ)(A = Ta, Tb), where x = 0,0.05,0.1,0.2, 0.4 for Ta and χ = 0, 0.005, 0.01.0.03, 0.05 for Tb,were synthesized by a conventional ceramic method at 1400 ℃ for 6 h in air. The samples were characterized by XRD,EDS,XPS,SEM,TG-DSC,UV-vis-NIR reflectance spectroscopy and CIE L*a*b* color scales. It is found that the substitution of A(A = Ta, Tb) for Y~(3+) in Y_4 MoO_9 decreases the NIR reflectance of the pigment samples, but the developed pigments Y_(4-x)A_xMoO_(9+δ)(A = Ta, Tb) still exhibit impressive NIR solar reflectance. The brighter yellow color of inorganic pigments Y_(4-x)A_xMoO_(9+δ)(A = Ta, Tb) is available when x is about 0.1 for Ta and 0.01 for Tb. The results make them a series of potential candidates as ecological yellow pigments because of their high reflectance, lightness, intense coloration and excellent thermal and chemical stability.     

求解约束优化问题的自适应人工蜂群算法

针对约束优化问题，提出一种自适应人工蜂群算法。算法采用反学习初始化方法使初始种群均匀分布于搜索空间。为了平衡搜索过程中可行个体和不可行个体的数量，算法使用自适应选择策略。在跟随蜂阶段，采用最优引导搜索方程来增强算法的开采能力。通过对13个标准测试问题进行实验并与其他算法比较，发现自适应人工蜂群算法具有较强的寻优能力和较好的稳定性。     

Comparative Genomics Reveals 13 Different Isoforms of Mytimycins (A-M) in Mytilus galloprovincialis

Mytimycins are cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides that show antifungal properties. These peptides are part of the immune network that constitutes the defense system of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The immune system of mussels has been increasingly studied in the last decade due to its great efficiency, since these molluscs, particularly resistant to adverse conditions and pathogens, are present all over the world, being considered as an invasive species. The recent sequencing of the mussel genome has greatly simplified the genetic study of some of its immune genes. In the present work, we describe a total of 106 different mytimycin variants in 16 individual mussel genomes. The 13 highly supported mytimycin clusters (A–M) identified with phylogenetic inference were found to be subject to the presence/absence variation, a widespread phenomenon in mussels. We also identified a block of conserved residues evolving under purifying selection, which may indicate the “functional core” of the mature peptide, and a conserved set of 10 invariable plus 6 accessory cysteines which constitute a plastic disulfide array. Finally, we extended the taxonomic range of distribution of mytimycins among Mytilida, identifying novel sequences in M. coruscus, M. californianus, P. viridis, L. fortunei, M. philippinarum, M. modiolus, and P. purpuratus.